User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Neolithic Iraq

Neolithic Iraq
	Tell Abu Shahrain Tell al-'Ubaid Tell el-'Oueili class=notpageimage\| A clickable map of Iraq detailing important sites that were occupied during the Neolithic.
Geographical range	Mesopotamia
Period	Stone Age
Dates	c. 10000 – c. 3300 BCE
Major sites	Tell el-'Oueili; Tell al-'Ubaid; Tell Abu Shahrain; Hadji Muhammed;
Preceded by	Epipalaeolithic
Followed by	Bronze Age Iraq

Neolithic Iraq is an archaeological term used to refer to the Neolithic stage of prehistoric Mesopotamia (Iraq). Mesopotamia was inhabited by several distinct, flourishing cultures in between the end of the Last Glacial Period (c. 14000 – c. 6500 BCE) and beginning of the Copper Age (c. 5000 – c. 4500 BCE). Archaeological sites such as those of the Samarran and Halafian cultures were centered at central and upper Mesopotamia (central and northern Iraq); settlements of the Ubaidians' in lower Mesopotamia (southern Iraq) required complicated irrigation methods. It appears that the archaeological culture of the Ubaidians' may have been derived from that of the Samarrans'. The first among these Lower Mesopotamian settlements were tells el-'Oueili, al-'Ubaid, and Abu Shahrain.

Dating, periodization, and extent[edit]

Periodization, chronology, and timeline[edit]

Periodization and chronology[edit]

Century BCE	Age	Stage	Period	Phase	Style	Level (Eridu/Eabzu)	Level (Uruk/Eanna)
100^th	Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN)	PPNA	1
99^th
98^th
97^th
96^th
95^th			2
94^th
93^rd
92^nd
91^st
90^th
89^th
88^th		Early PPNB	3
87^th
86^th
85^th
84^th
83^rd		Middle PPNB
82^nd
81^st
80^th
79^th
78^th
77^th
76^th
75^th		Late PPNB	4
74^th
73^rd
72^nd
71^st
70^th
69^th
68^th
67^th
66^th
65^th		PPNC	5	Ubaid 0	Oueili
64^th	Pottery Neolithic (PN)	PNA	6
63^rd
62^nd
61^st
60^th
59^th
58^th
57^th
56^th
55^th				Early Ubaid	Eridu	XVIII
54^th						XVIII
53^rd						XVII
52^nd						XV
51^st						XIV
50^th	Early Chalcolithic					XIII	XIX
49^th						XII
48^th			7		Hadji Muhammed	XI
48^th		PNB	8		Tell al‐Ubaid	XI
47^th			9	Late Ubaid		X	XVIII
46^th						X
45^th	Late Chalcolithic (LC)	LC 1				IX
44^th						IX
43^rd						VIII
42^nd		LC 2		Terminal Ubaid	Ubaid V	VII	XVII
42^nd							XVI
41^st							XV
							XIV
							XIII
40^th						VI	XII
40^th							XI
39^th							X
38^th		LC 3				V	IX

Timeline[edit]

Schematic outline of contemporaneous cultures[edit]

Century BCE	Upper Mesopotamia			Central Mesopotamia			Lower Mesopotamia
Century BCE	Erbil	Nineveh	Saladin	Diyala	Sulaymaniyah	Babylon	Muthanna	Qadisiyah	Dhi Qar
65^th									Ubaid 0 style
64^th
63^rd		Hassuna culture	Samarra culture
62^nd
61^st
60^th				Samarra culture
59^th
58^th
57^th
56^th
55^th
54^th					Halaf culture				Ubaid 1 style
53^rd		Halaf culture			Halaf culture			Ubaid 1 style
52^nd		Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
51^st
50^th						Ubaid 1 style
49^th						Ubaid 1 style
48^th						Ubaid 2 style
47^th						Ubaid 2 style		Ubaid 2 style
46^th						Ubaid 3 style
45^th						Ubaid 4 style
44^th
43^rd		Late Chalcolithic
42^nd						Ubaid 5 style
41^st
40^th
39^th

Locations of sites, environment, and climate[edit]

Sites[edit]

Autonomous region	Region	Governorate	District	Subdistrict	Site
Denotes a settlement that developed independently during the Pottery Neolithic (c. 6400 – c. 3500 BCE) Denotes a settlement that developed independently during the Late Chalcolithic (c. 4500 – c. 3300 BCE) Denotes a settlement that was originally that of the Ubaid culture (c. 6500 – c. 3700 BCE) Denotes a settlement that was originally that of the Samarra culture (c. 6300 – c. 5200 BCE) Denotes a settlement that was originally that of the Hassuna culture (c. 6300 – c. 5800 BCE) Denotes a settlement that later became that of the Halaf culture (c. 5500 – c. 5200 BCE) Denotes a settlement that later became that of the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period (c. 5200 – c. 5000 BCE)
Kurdistan		Erbil	Erbil	Erbil	Citadel of Erbil
Kurdistan		Sulaymaniyah	Saidsadiq	Said Sadiq	Tell Begum
	Assyria	Nineveh	Tel Afar	Tel Afar	Yarim Tepe
			Tel Afar	al-Ayadia	Telul eth-Thalathat
			Mosul	Bashiqa	Tepe Gawra
				Hamidat	Tell Hassuna
				Mosul	Citadel of Nineveh
				Mosul	Tell Arpachiyah
	al-Jazira	Saladin	Samarra	Samarra	Tell es-Sawwan
			Samarra	Samarra	Samarra Archaeological City
			Ranya	Ranya	Tell Shemshara
	Baghdad Belts	Diyala	Balad Ruz	Mandali	Choga Mami
			Ba'quba	Buhriz	Tell Asmar
			Ba'quba	Al-Wahda	Tell Agrab
		Babylon	Al-Mahawil	Al-Nil	Tell al-Uhaymir
		Babylon	Kotha	Jablah	Tell Uqair
	Sawad	Al-Qadisiyyah	Afak	Tell Nuffar
		Muthanna	Al-Samawa	Uruk Archaeological City
		Muthanna	Al-Khidhir	Hadji Muhammed
		Dhi Qar	Al-Shatrah	Tell Telloh
			Nasiriyah	Ur Archaeological City
				Tell Eridu Archaeological Site
				Tell el-'Oueili
				Tell al-'Ubaid
				Tell Khaiber

Biota[edit]

Environment[edit]

Subregion	Sub-basin	Ecoregion	Site
Upper Mesopotamia	Upper Zab	Middle East steppe	Citadel of Erbil
	Upper Tigris		Yarim Tepe
			Telul eth-Thalathat
			Tepe Gawra
			Tell Hassuna
			Tell Kuyunjiq
			Tell Arpachiyah
			Tell es-Sawwan
			Samarra Archaeological City
	Lower Zab	Zagros Mountains forest steppe	Tell Shemshara
	Diyala	Zagros Mountains forest steppe	Tell Begum
Central Mesopotamia		Mesopotamian shrub desert	Choga Mami
			Tell Asmar
			Tell Agrab
	Middle Euphrates		Tell al-Uhaymir
	Middle Euphrates		Tell Uqair
Lower Mesopotamia	Lower Tigris	Mesopotamian marshes	Tell Nuffar
	Lower Euphrates		Uruk Archaeological City
			Hadji Muhammed
			Tell Telloh
			Ur Archaeological City
			Tell Eridu Archaeological Site
			Tell el-'Oueili
			Tell al-'Ubaid
			Tell Khaiber

Climate[edit]

Subregion	Climate	Ecoregion	Basin	Governorate	District	Site
Upper Mesopotamia	Hot-summer Mediterranean climate	Middle East steppe	Upper Zab	Erbil	Erbil	Citadel of Erbil
			Upper Tigris	Nineveh	Tel Afar	Yarim Tepe
					Tel Afar	Telul eth-Thalathat
					Mosul	Tepe Gawra
						Tell Hassuna
						Tell Kuyunjiq
						Tell Arpachiyah
			Middle Tigris	Saladin	Samarra	Tell es-Sawwan
			Middle Tigris		Samarra	Samarra Archaeological City
		Zagros Mountains forest steppe	Lower Zab		Ranya	Tell Shemshara
	Hot semi-arid climate	Zagros Mountains forest steppe	Diyala	Sulaymaniyah	Saidsadiq	Tell Begum
Central Mesopotamia		Mesopotamian shrub desert		Diyala	Balad Ruz	Choga Mami
					Ba'quba	Tell Asmar
					Ba'quba	Tell Agrab
			Middle Euphrates	Babylon	Al-Hilla	Tell al-Uhaymir
			Middle Euphrates	Babylon	Al-Mahawil	Tell Uqair
Lower Mesopotamia	Hot desert climate	Mesopotamian marshes	Lower Tigris	Al-Qadisiyyah	Afak	Tell Nuffar
			Lower Euphrates	Muthanna	Al-Samawa	Uruk Archaeological City
				Muthanna	Al-Khidhir	Hadji Muhammed
				Dhi Qar	Al-Shatrah	Tell Telloh
					Nasiriyah	Ur Archaeological City
						Tell Eridu Archaeological Site
						Tell el-'Oueili
						Tell al-'Ubaid
						Tell Khaiber

Estimated settlement sizes and populations[edit]

Map[edit]

Choga Mami

Citadel of Erbil

Hadji Muhammed

Samarra Archaeological City

Tell Agrab

Tell Arpachiyah

Tell Asmar

Tell Begum

Tell al-Uhaymir

Tell al-'Ubaid

Tell Eridu Archaeological Site

Tell es-Sawwan

Tell Khaiber

Tell Kuyunjiq

Tell Nuffar

Tell Hassuna

Tell Telloh

Tell el-'Oueili

Tell Shemshara

Tell Uqair

Telul eth-Thalathat

Tepe Gawra

Uruk Archaeological City

Ur Archaeological City

Yarim Tepe

class=notpageimage|

A clickable map of the (present-day) Republic of Iraq detailing archaeological sites that were occupied during the Neolithic.

Technology[edit]

Agriculture, domestication, and hunting[edit]

Fauna and flora[edit]

Fauna[edit]

Wildlife[edit]

Common name	Binomial name
Saudi gazelle	Gazella saudiya
Persian fallow deer	Dama mesopotamica
Syrian wild ass	Equus hemionus hemippus
Eurasian wild pig	Sus scrofa
Wild goat	Capra aegagrus

Livestock[edit]

Common name	Binomial name
Domestic goat	Capra hircus
Arabi sheep	Ovis aries
Cattle	Bos taurus
Domestic pig	Sus domesticus
Saluki	Canis familiaris

Flora[edit]

Crops[edit]

Common name	Binomial name
Two-rowed barley	Hordeum distichon
Naked six-rowed barley	Hordeum vulgare
Emmer wheat	Triticum turgidum
Einkorn wheat	Triticum monococcum
Lentil	Lens culinaris
Chickpea	Cicer arietinum
Date	Phoenix dactylifera

Structures, tools, utensils, and weapons[edit]

Tool	Image
Sickle
Kiln

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]