Pal Dushmani
Pal Dushmani (Serbian Cyrillic: Павле Душман, Italian: Paolo Dusso, Albanian: Pal Dushmani; fl. 1440–died 1457) was a Roman Catholic hierarch active in Venetian territories on the Eastern Adriatic (Montenegro and Albania).
The Dushmani were an Albanian family[1][2][3] in Pilot (now the Dukagjin highlands in northern Albania). The oldest generation of the family is mentioned on 2 June 1403 when the Venetian Senate confirmed Goranin, Damjan and Nenad the rule over Pilot Minor (as Venetian subjects).[4] A "Dusmanus" (or Dussus) was the bishop of Pilot in 1427.[5][6]
In 1440 he served as pastor in Treviso (in Italy), in 1443 as bishop of Svač (in Montenegro), and in 1446 as bishop of Drivasto (in Albania), and in 1454 as bishop of Craina (Skadarska Krajina).[7] In July 1452 Pope Nicholas V sent him to settle the conflict between Lekë Dukagjini and Skanderbeg.[8]
His predecessor at the newly founded archbishopric of Craina, Uniate prelate of Greek origin Sabbas, was seated at the Prečista Krajinska since 1452, and holding on to Eastern Rite psychologically readied the people (Serbian Orthodox) to accept Catholicism.[7] In 1454, when the Franciscans complained about persecution from Đurađ Branković, Pal became the Papal Nunciate in Serbia and Albania with the rights to preach for war against the Ottomans.[7] In order to lend Dushmani freer hand, the Pope excluded Drivasto from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Antivari, which led to bitter resistance from the latter.[7] Dushmani's adaptive tactics in an Orthodox environment were presented to the Pope as betrayal of Catholicism: according to accusations, Dushmani claimed that the Orthodox Church was the right one and that it should be regarded higher than the Roman Church, allegedly prohibited that requests against his procedures be submitted to the Roman curia, and he himself acted as a Pope.[7] In 1457, an investigation was ordered against him, but he died the same year, before it was started.[7] In his place as bishop came John from Crete, another Uniate Greek.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ Kemal Çiçek; Ercüment Kuran; Nejat Göyünç; İlber Ortaylı (2000). The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation: Culture and arts. Yeni Türkiye. p. 25.
- ^ Johann Georg Hahn (30 May 2015). The Discovery of Albania: Travel Writing and Anthropology in the Nineteenth Century Balkans. I.B.Tauris. p. 61.
- ^ Sicilianos, Demetrios (1960). Old and new Athens. Putnam. p. 223.
- ^ Antonović 2003, p. 273; Ljubić 1875, p. 44
- ^ Hierarchia catholica medii aevi et recentioris aevi. Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae. 1913. p. 404.
- ^ Vjesnik Kr. državnog arkiva u Zagrebu. Vol. 17–18. Tisak zaklade tiskare narodnih novina. 1915. p. 28.
- ^ a b c d e f g Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore 1970b, p. 328.
- ^ Spomenik. Vol. 95–97. SANU. 1942. p. xv.